What Did Women's Makeup Look Like In The 1894

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least seven,000 years and is present in almost every club on earth. Corrective body art is argued to accept been the earliest form of a ritual in human culture. The testify for this comes in the form of utilised red mineral pigments (cherry ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Human sapiens in Africa.^{[ane] [ii] [3] [4] [five] [6]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Attestation—2 Kings nine:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the volume of Esther describes various beauty treatments too.

Cosmetics were as well used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented make up including lead-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the optics.^[7]

Beyond the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

One of the earliest cultures to employ cosmetics was aboriginal Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to enhance their appearance. The use of cosmetics in Ancient Egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in north Africa. The use of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colours such as bluish, red, and black was common, and was ordinarily recorded and represented in Egyptian art, as well as beingness seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians also extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} but this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially fabricated using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[8] Despite the chancy nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also thought to have antibacterial properties that helped prevent infections.^[9] Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such as glue of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was made of red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An culling handling was a poultice of carob grounds and honey, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To meliorate breath the aboriginal Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is even so in use today. Jars of what could be compared with setting balm have been constitute to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled every bit remedies for problems such as alopecia and greying hair. They likewise used these products on their mummies, because they believed that it would make them irresistible in the afterwards life.

Middle East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Erstwhile Attestation, such as in 2 Kings nine:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are besides mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

China [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative function in China. Legend has it that one time on the seventh day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Vocal, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted downwardly onto her off-white face, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [11] [12]} The court ladies were said to be so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom design.^{[ten] [11] [xiii]} This is also the mythical origin of the floral fashion, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum bloom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amongst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [fourteen]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted red spots on the center of their cheeks, right under their optics. Withal, it is a mystery why.^{[ citation needed ]}

Japan [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Nippon, in full make-up. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is even so new.

In Nihon, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the eyes as well as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' hair wax, were used by geisha as a makeup base. Rice pulverisation colors the confront and back; rouge contours the eye socket and defines the olfactory organ.^{[15] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (blackness pigment) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and become contained. The geisha would also sometimes utilize bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Southwest asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ commendation needed ]} Kohl is a black pulverization that is used widely across the Persian Empire. It is used as a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[xvi] Afterwards Farsi tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real look in guild to mislead or cause uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic constabulary, despite these requirements, there is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must non be fabricated of substances that harm ane's body.

An early on teacher in the tenth century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th book was dedicated to cosmetics. Equally the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the primeval antecedents of present-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances chosen Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks^{[17] [18]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the use of cosmetics was common amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by sure Roman writers, who thought it to be against the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and later by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elder mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a tendency during the European Eye Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to achieve stake skin. Spanish prostitutes wore pinkish makeup to contrast pale peel.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to show that they were upper class.^[19] Use of cosmetics connected in Middle Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[20] during the later on 16th century in the W, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the production among the upper class.^{[ vague ] [20]} Cosmetics connected to exist used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the utilise of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly alleged makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors,^[21] with many famous actresses of the fourth dimension, such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th century fashion ethics of women appearing delicate, feminine and pale were achieved past some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their eyes to appear larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly by many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was generally frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergywomen specifically were forbidden from the employ of cosmetic products.

The Americas and Australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for formalism events or battle.^{[ citation needed ]} Similar practices were followed by Aboriginals in Commonwealth of australia.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the The states and do not stand for a worldwide view of the field of study. You lot may better this article, discuss the outcome on the talk page, or create a new article, every bit appropriate. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics industry began to abound due to a rise in "visual self-awareness," a shift in the perception of colour cosmetics, and improvements in the safety of products.^[22] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to reflective devices stifled people's ability to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in turn, limited the need for a corrective marketplace and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at home. Several technological advancements in the latter one-half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the home and in public, increased consciousness of one's appearance and created a demand for cosmetic products that improved 1's image.^[23]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from habitation were found to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their utilize. Discoveries of non-toxic corrective ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow's 1866 apply of zinc oxide as a face pulverisation, and the distribution of cosmetic products by established companies such every bit Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[23] Skincare, forth with "face painting" products similar powders, besides became in-demand products of the cosmetics manufacture. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such equally Pond's through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high demand for the production. These advertisement and corrective marketing styles were shortly replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[23]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture past beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950

During the early 1900s, makeup was not excessively popular. In fact, women inappreciably wore makeup at all. Make-up at this time was still mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[24] Face enameling (applying actual paint to the face up) became popular among the rich at this fourth dimension in an attempt to look paler. This practice was dangerous due to the main ingredient oft existence arsenic.^[25] Stake skin was associated with wealth because information technology meant that one was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay within all day. Cosmetics were and so unpopular that they could not be bought in section stores; they could only be bought at theatrical costume stores. A woman's "makeup routine" oft only consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting sheet, to whiten the nose in the winter and smoothen their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, so was but seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[25] Vaseline became loftier in demand because information technology was used on chapped lips, every bit a base for hair tonic, and soap.^[25] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, simply simply lavender h2o or refined cologne was open-door for women to wear.^[26] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the proper noun Mum (deodorant). Roll-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-up became fashionable in the U.s.a. of America and Europe attributable to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such as Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the most typical shades.^[27] The Daily Mirror beauty book showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to wear. With that said, men frequently saw rouge as a marking of sex activity and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to brand information technology a misdemeanor for women under the age of twoscore-four to habiliment cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a faux impression."^[28] The Daily Mirror was 1 of the first to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was also presented in this beauty book, created from gum Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[29] George Burchett developed cosmetic tattooing during this time catamenia. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, ruby-red lips, and dark eyebrows. He too was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First Globe State of war by inserting pare tones in damaged faces and by roofing scars with colors more pleasing to the eye.^[30] Max Factor opened upward a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[31] Fifty-fifty though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical eye shadow and countenance pencils for their home utilise.

In the 1920s, the film manufacture in Hollywood had the well-nigh influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial issue on the makeup industry. Helena Rubinstein was Bara'south makeup artist; she created mascara for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[32] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this time were Max Gene, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the nowadays 24-hour interval makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the nigh pop cosmetics of this time, more so than rouge and pulverization, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[33] The Flapper style also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark optics, blood-red lipstick, red nail polish, and the suntan, invented as a manner statement by Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part because information technology was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the primal constituent of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[34] The early commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny brush into hot water, rub the bristles on the block, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, then utilize the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvass.^[34] Eugène Schueller, founder of 50'Oréal, invented modern constructed hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[35] The first patent for a smash polish was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. It'due south non clear how dark this rose was, just whatever girl whose nails were tipped in whatsoever pink darker than a babe's blush risked gossip about being "fast."^[34] Previously, simply agricultural workers had sported suntans, while stylish women kept their skins as pale every bit possible. In the wake of Chanel'south adoption of the suntan, dozens of new fake tan products were produced to help both men and women attain the "sun-kissed" look. In Asia, peel whitening continued to represent the platonic of dazzler, as it does to this twenty-four hours.

In the time period after the First World State of war, at that place was a blast in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's world. Face-lifts were performed as early on as 1920, but it wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[36] During the twentieth century, corrective surgery mainly revolved around women. Men merely participated in the practice if they had been disfigured past the war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Lodge of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increase public awareness near plastic surgery. Every bit a result, in 1982, the Usa Supreme Court granted physicians the legal right to annunciate their procedures.^[37] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements frequently made the surgeries seem chance-free, even though they were annihilation but. The American Society for Artful Plastic Surgery reported that more than two 1000000 Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction existence the most popular. Breast augmentations ranked 2nd, while numbers iii, four, and five went to center surgery, face up-lifts, and chemical peels.^[36]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an endeavor to lighten their complexion as well as hair straightening to announced whiter. Skin bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive 30 to 50 percent of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.^[38] Often, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Pare bleaches contained caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the product of melanin in the skin. These bleaches could crusade severe dermatitis and even death in loftier dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an private's chance. In the 1970s, at to the lowest degree 5 companies started producing brand-upward for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Confront makeup and lipstick did not piece of work for nighttime skin types because they were created for pale peel tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale skin tones merely fabricated nighttime skin appear grey. Somewhen, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural lucifer. Pop companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[39]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second World State of war, cosmetics were in curt supply.^[twoscore] Petroleum and booze, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this fourth dimension when they were restricted, lipstick, powder, and face cream were most desirable and most experimentation was carried out for the postal service war period. Cosmetic developers realized that the state of war would effect in a astounding blast afterwards, then they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing visitor became associated with "quality" after the war because they were the oldest established. Pond'south had this same appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were ane of the first to give its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern red" and "sea coral."^[41]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Tin." This included cosmetics,^[42] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[43] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural look" for day and a more than sexualized epitome for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the bare face was in mode equally women became more interested in the chemic value of their makeup.^[44] Modern developments in engineering, such equally the Loftier-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying power in wear than their predecessors.^[45] The prime cosmetic of the time was center shadow, though; women also were interested in new lipstick colors such equally lilac, light-green, and silver.^[46] These lipsticks were often mixed with stake pinks and whites, and then women could create their own private shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market in this decade, with Revlon giving them wide publicity.^[46] This product was applied to the forehead, lower cheeks, and mentum. Contouring and highlighting the face with white eye shadow cream also became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[47] In fact, the whole cosmetic manufacture in general opened opportunities for women in business concern as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[48]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are now widely available from dedicated net-only retailers,^[49] who take more than recently been joined online by established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar dazzler retailers.

Like virtually industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies. In the U.S., the Nutrient and Drug Administration (FDA) does non corroborate or review cosmetics, although it does regulate the colors that can exist used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are non required to report injuries resulting from use of their products.^[fifty]

Although modernistic makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics commonly associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used past cosmetic-witting men. Cosmetics brands are releasing corrective products especially tailored for men, and men are using such products more ordinarily.^[51] There is some controversy over this, nevertheless, as many feel that men who article of clothing makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and practise not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, notwithstanding, view this as a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men also accept the correct to heighten their facial features with cosmetics if women practice.

Today the market of cosmetics has a unlike dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Japan: Japan is the 2nd largest market in the world. Regarding the growth of this market, cosmetics in Nippon have entered a period of stability. Nevertheless, the market situation is rapidly changing. At present consumers tin access a lot of information on the Net and cull many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to meet the diverse needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments past brand manufacturer. With a growth charge per unit of 0.1%, the marketplace was almost unchanged from the previous year.^[52]
• Russia: One of the about interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching US$xiii.v billion.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-xix pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such as more than complicated home pare-care regimens, hair color preserving products, and beauty tools.^[53] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased by up to 70% because of quarantining and confront-covering mandates.^[54]

See also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

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2. ^ Power, C. (2004). "Women in prehistoric fine art". In Berghaus, G. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Red ochre, body painting and linguistic communication: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-xix-156767-4.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (i September 2010). "The pigments from Height Point Cave 13B, Western Cape, South Africa". Journal of Human Development. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins, Handbook to life in Ancient Hellenic republic, Oxford University Press, 1998^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ Bruno Burlando, Luisella Verotta, Laura Cornararara, and Elisa Bottini-Massa, Herbal Principles in Cosmetics, CRC Press, 2010
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Toxicant". Classical World. 102 (three): 291–310. doi:x.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What'southward That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical and Engineering News. 77 (28): 31. doi:x.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Sindya N. Bhanoo (18 January 2010). "Ancient Arab republic of egypt's Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese verse: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
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12. ^ Westward & Eastward 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economical Clan. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047 https://books.google.com/books?ei=qXyQTqOYOIqVOpbimcwN.
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". Prc Today. Retrieved 8 Oct 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-half-dozen. For example, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to have originated in the South Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early jump and a light breeze brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum bloom for some reason could not be done off or removed in any mode. Fortunately, it looked cute on her, and of a sudden became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. Information technology is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum bloom makeup." This makeup was popular amongst the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Brand-Up of Geisha and Maiko Archived 9 Feb 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Immortal Geisha. Retrieved on 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in dazzler and art through the medical history of flesh". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (4): 375–386. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Adkins, Lesley and Adkins, Roy A. (1998) Handbook to life in Aboriginal Greece, Oxford University Press
18. ^ Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornara, Laura and Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010) Herbal Principles in Cosmetics, CRC Press
19. ^ inFlux '99 | A Colorful History. Influx.uoregon.edu. Retrieved on 29 September 2010.
20. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou, Maggie. The History of Make-up. First ed. Not bad Uk: The Macmillan Company, 1970. 41–42. Print.
21. ^ Pallingston, J (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. St. Martin's Printing. ISBN978-0-312-19914-2.
22. ^ Jones, G. (2010). "How Do I Wait?" In Beauty Imagined (p 44-63). essay, Oxford Academy Printing.
23. ^ ^{a b c} Jones, G (2010). "How Exercise I Await?" In Dazzler Imagined. Oxford University Printing. pp. 44–63.
24. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A history of Brand-upward & Fashion: 1900-1910". sandasava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
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31. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
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33. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Teresa Riordan. Inventing Beauty. (New York: Broadway Books, 2004).^{[ page needed ]}
35. ^ L'Oréal. Loreal.com (viii December 2009). (accessed on 29 September 2010).
36. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modernistic Face: Cosmetic Surgery". Social Enquiry. 67 (1): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
37. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Corrective Surgery in Women'due south Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Periodical of Magazine Media. xv (ane). doi:x.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Projection MUSE 773691.
38. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (one June 2011). "Skin bleach and civilization: the racial formation of blackness in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. four (iv): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
39. ^ "Modern Living: Black Cosmetics". Time Magazine. 29 June 1970. (accessed nine February 2010).
40. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
42. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Diplomacy. 6 (1): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
43. ^ Duffett, Judith (Oct 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Vocalization of the Women'south Liberation Motion. p. 4.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
45. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products Naobay". Charles Ross & Son Company. (accessed 7 June 2009).
46. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
47. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
48. ^ Peiss 1998, p. v.
49. ^ "Lessons from categorising the unabridged beauty products sector (Office 1)". p. 1. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
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51. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
52. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
53. ^ "The beauty trends customers are buying during Covid-19". Vogue Business. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
54. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick alphabetize'". the Guardian. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). A History of Make-up. Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America'due south Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Early 19th Century Cosmetics in England during the British Regency
• Naked confront project: Women try no-makeup experiment - USATODAY.com (28 March 2012)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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